We discussed the possible explanations for these tendencies a few moths ago. I believe you suggested that an unwillingness to embrace tragedy had a lot to do with our inability to adapt to emergent situations. I suggested in response, that hubris often played a role too, because we as a people have become too enamored of our abilities to foresee and often forestall outcomes considered inevitable by past generations.

It has been my experience that command/control is overrated as a menas of averting catastrophe. As such, I am uncomfortable suggesting that the failure of such strategies has much to do with the cause or consequences of catastrophe. While I have a little more confidence in coordination/cooperation as a means of sharing understanding about means and ends, I believe it is not so much the inability of these methods to help us avoid problems so much as our inability to advance beyond them that explains the emergence of catastrophe.

Command/control approaches work in situations where epistemic uncertainty is the dominant problem faced by decision-makers. As things become more complex and competition for resources increase, coordination/cooperation help us deal with ontological uncertainties by enabling prioritization as a means of negotiating or avoiding conflicts.

If those affected by an emergent and evolving crisis cannot engage one another in ways that allow them to develop a shared sense of meaning and purpose (a means of addressing teleological uncertainty), I would argue, we have the beginnings of a catastrophe. We can tell this is the case when those involved start talking about accountability before the scope or scale of situation has shown any signs of stabilizing.

We need not accept responsibility for something bad happening to share responsibility for doing something about it. Accepting that we cannot change something that has already happened is an important first step toward accepting responsibility for doing something about it right now. Based on our discussions, I am increasingly convinced that this requires leaders and decision-makers to acknowledge and accept tragedy, display humility, and operate as if all they have is the present.

Are we each saying there are important aspects of life – especially life in homeland security – that are beyond our control? We can and ought to imagine the possibilities and prepare as best we can. But we cannot precisely predict and, therefore, we cannot fully plan.

Last Thursday Shawn Fenn contributed a very helpful and cogent comment on catastrophe. It included a reference to Quanantelli’s work (Some Implications for Crisis Planning and Managing Drawn from Katrina,” available at http://understandingkatrina.ssrc.org/Quarantelli/). Mr. Fenn concluded, “If we boil the criteria down, the most operationally significant distinguishing factor seems to be a crippling breakdown of the established vertical and horizontal command/control and coordination/cooperation structures necessary for incident management that extends beyond the area of impact.”

I appreciate the boiling down. Further, when command/control totally breaks down we are almost certainly in or heading toward a catastrophe. But I will be surprised if we ever lose command/control or coordination/cooperation structures in our response to Deepwater Horizon. Yet, I think we could very easily see this become a catastrophe (at least one that meets my definition).

So… even when our mechanisms of control are operating at full capacity, we may still not be in control. Catastrophe is still possible.

Phil

Likewise, you probably won’t find it unusual that I agree with you about the question of qualitative versus quantitative risk and vulnerability assessment. The former benefits directly from engaging multiple perspectives, while the latter tends to make that much more difficult.

If anything, I hope this incident helps change minds about the importance of considering the unthinkable. We owe it to ourselves and future generations to question our assumptions before we accept any situation as either unforeseeable or inevitable.

If nothing else, we can always ask ourselves the pre-mortem question, “If, despite our best judgment, this situation was to end in catastrophe, what would be the cause?” I’d wager that in a surprising number of cases, something comes to mind if only we’re willing to listen carefully to our intuitions and use our imaginations.